|
在过程控制中,按偏差的比例(P)、积分(I)和微分(D)进行控制的PID控制器(亦称PID调节器)是应用最为广泛的一种自动控制器。它具有原理简单,易于实现,适用面广,控制参数相互独立,参数的选定比较简单等优点;而且在理论上可以证明,对于过程控制的典型对象──“一阶滞后+纯滞后”与“二阶滞后+纯滞后”的控制对象,PID控制器是一种最优控制。PID调节规律是连续系统动态品质校正的一种有效方法,它的参数整定方式简便,结构改变灵活(PI、PD、…)。
参数的选择:
①比例系数P对系统性能的影响:比例系数加大,使系统的动作灵敏,速度加快,稳态误差减小;P偏大,振荡次数加多,调节时间加长;P太大时,系统会趋于不稳定;P太小,又会使系统的动作缓慢。P可以选负数,这主要是由执行机构、传感器以及控制对象的特性决定的。如果P的符号选择不当对象测量值就会离控制目标的设定值越来越远,如果出现这样的情况P的符号就一定要取反。同时要注意的是,力控的策略控制器的PID控制块的P参数是PID控制中的增益。
②积分控制I对系统性能的影响:积分作用使系统的稳定性下降,I小(积分作用强)会使系统不稳定,但能消除稳态误差,提高系统的控制精度。
③微分控制D对系统性能的影响:微分作用可以改善动态特性,D偏大时,超调量较大,调节时间较短;D偏小时,超调量也较大,调节时间也较长;只有D合适,才能使超调量较小,减短调节时间。 [转贴]C语言实现PID算法:
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include<math.h>
- struct _pid {
- int pv; /*integer that contains the process value*/
- int sp; /*integer that contains the set point*/
- float integral;
- float pgain;
- float igain;
- float dgain;
- int deadband;
- int last_error;
- };
- struct _pid warm,*pid;
- int process_point, set_point,dead_band;
- float p_gain, i_gain, d_gain, integral_val,new_integ;;
- pid_init
- DESCRIPTION This function initializes the pointers in the _pid structure
- to the process variable and the setpoint. *pv and *sp are
- integer pointers.
- void pid_init(struct _pid *warm, int process_point, int set_point)
- {
- struct _pid *pid;
- pid = warm;
- pid->pv = process_point;
- pid->sp = set_point;
- }
- pid_tune
- DESCRIPTION Sets the proportional gain (p_gain), integral gain (i_gain),
- derivitive gain (d_gain), and the dead band (dead_band) of
- a pid control structure _pid.
- void pid_tune(struct _pid *pid, float p_gain, float i_gain, float d_gain, int dead_band)
- {
- pid->pgain = p_gain;
- pid->igain = i_gain;
- pid->dgain = d_gain;
- pid->deadband = dead_band;
- pid->integral= integral_val;
- pid->last_error=0;
- }
- pid_setinteg
- DESCRIPTION Set a new value for the integral term of the pid equation.
- This is useful for setting the initial output of the
- pid controller at start up.
- void pid_setinteg(struct _pid *pid,float new_integ)
- {
- pid->integral = new_integ;
- pid->last_error = 0;
- } pid_bumpless
- DESCRIPTION Bumpless transfer algorithim. When suddenly changing
- setpoints, or when restarting the PID equation after an
- extended pause, the derivative of the equation can cause
- a bump in the controller output. This function will help
- smooth out that bump. The process value in *pv should
- be the updated just before this function is used.
- void pid_bumpless(struct _pid *pid)
- {
- pid->last_error = (pid->sp)-(pid->pv);
- }
- pid_calc
- DESCRIPTION Performs PID calculations for the _pid structure *a. This function uses the positional form of the pid equation, and incorporates an integral windup prevention algorithim. Rectangular integration is used, so this function must be repeated on a consistent time basis for accurate control.
-
- RETURN VALUE The new output value for the pid loop.
- USAGE #include "control.h"*/
- float pid_calc(struct _pid *pid) {
- int err;
- float pterm, dterm, result, ferror;
- err = (pid->sp) - (pid->pv);
- if (abs(err) > pid->deadband) {
- ferror = (float) err; /*do integer to float conversion only once*/
- pterm = pid->pgain * ferror;
- if (pterm > 100 || pterm < -100) {
- pid->integral = 0.0; }
- else {
- pid->integral += pid->igain * ferror;
- if (pid->integral > 100.0)
- {
- pid->integral = 100.0; }
- else if (pid->integral < 0.0) pid->integral = 0.0; }
- dterm = ((float)(err - pid->last_error)) * pid->dgain;
- result = pterm + pid->integral + dterm; }
- else result = pid->integral;
- pid->last_error = err;
- return (result); }
-
- void main(void)
- {
- float display_value;
- int count=0;
-
- pid = &warm;
-
- // printf("Enter the values of Process point, Set point, P gain, I gain, D gain \n");
- // scanf("%d%d%f%f%f", &process_point, &set_point, &p_gain, &i_gain, &d_gain);
- process_point = 30;
- set_point = 40;
- p_gain = (float)(5.2);
- i_gain = (float)(0.77);
- d_gain = (float)(0.18);
-
- dead_band = 2;
- integral_val =(float)(0.01);
-
- printf("The values of Process point, Set point, P gain, I gain, D gain \n");
- printf(" %6d %6d %4f %4f %4f\n", process_point, set_point, p_gain, i_gain, d_gain);
-
- printf("Enter the values of Process point\n");
-
- while(count<=20)
- {
- scanf("%d",&process_point);
- pid_init(&warm, process_point, set_point);
- pid_tune(&warm, p_gain,i_gain,d_gain,dead_band);
- pid_setinteg(&warm,0.0); //pid_setinteg(&warm,30.0);
-
- //Get input value for process point
- pid_bumpless(&warm);
-
- // how to display output
- display_value = pid_calc(&warm);
- printf("%f\n", display_value);
- //printf("\n%f%f%f%f",warm.pv,warm.sp,warm.igain,warm.dgain);
- count++;
- }
复制代码
|
-
-
PID.zip
7.03 KB, 下载次数: 20, 下载积分: 黑币 -5
评分
-
查看全部评分
|